LSA's are typically designed to the ASTM standards. The 1.5 load factor is applied to the basic LSA load limits (+4, -2) to provide a reasonable safety margin against failure of a component or permanent deformation of the structure. It's sometimes called the `engineer's margin'. LSA's are rated for +4g, -2g, so the ultimate design limits are +6g, -3g. A typical aerobatic aircraft is rated for +6, -3 or +9, -4.5 ultimate. I've seen some advertisements for LSA's quote the +6, -3 figure but it's misleading. Loading the structure above its nominal capacity is not safe. This extract from an article by Dick van Grunsven (written in the context increasing the gross weight of an experimental aircraft) explains it better than I can.
Who Owns the Margin?
It seems common practice among homebuilders to second-guess the factory engineers, particularly regarding gross weight increases. Because of all of the added features, empty weight creep erodes the aircraft’s useful load. The simple solution for the homebuilder is to “pencil in” a new gross weight limit. “It’s only 100 pounds (3.7 percent) more; how much effect can that possibly have?” Imagine this example: You are on a mid-size airliner with a gross weight of 270,000 pounds. Just before leaving the gate, the captain comes on the PA system and says: “We’ve overbooked more than usual today, so we’re going to assume that the factory engineers over-designed this airplane and allowed an abundant safety margin. We’re going to take off at 280,000 pounds instead. So move over, there are 50 more passengers coming on board.” Run the numbers; it’s the same over-weight ratio as simply pencilling in an additional 100 pounds to the gross weight of an RV-10. Along with gross weight increases, some builders take the same liberties with horsepower increases and speed increases, betting their lives on the assumption that the airplane is designed with a huge margin of safety—it is really far stronger than it needs to be. This is not really true. Certificated aircraft, and well-designed kit aircraft, are designed to withstand limit loads at specified maximum weights. During testing, they are subjected to ultimate loads, which are higher than design limit loads by a specified margin. Yes, there is a margin between the design and ultimate strengths. But that margin belongs to the engineer. He owns the margin. It is his insurance against the things he doesn’t know or can’t plan for, and the pilot’s insurance against human error, material variations, and the ravages of time. Wise pilots respect this design safety philosophy and leave this insurance policy in effect by operating strictly within established limits.
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